Asal Tutorial : September 2016

Friday, September 30, 2016

How to Reduce Hair Loss

Expert Reviewed

Four Methods:Preventing Further Hair Loss Utilizing Natural Remedies Fighting Hair Loss with Professional Treatments Understanding Your Hair Loss Community Q&A

It is normal to lose 50 to 100 hairs a day. If you are losing more hair, you might be experiencing hair loss. Excessive hair loss, or alopecia, happens when your cycle of hair growth and shedding is disrupted or your hair follicle is destroyed and replaced with scar tissue. Hair loss can affect your scalp or entire body. You can lose hair due to heredity, hormonal changes, medical conditions, or medications. Men, women, and children all can experience hair loss.^[1] By taking medications and making lifestyle changes, however, it is possible to counteract hair loss.

Steps

Method 1

Preventing Further Hair Loss

1
Reduce stress.
Having high stress levels can lead to particular types of hair loss.
^[2]
Try to stay relaxed. Practice meditation, take walks, or do yoga. Consider writing in a journal to help sort through daily stresses. Hair loss from stress need not be permanent. If you can reduce your stress levels, your hair might regrow.
^[3]
The following types of hair loss result from excess stress:
- If you have telogen effluvium, significant stress pushes large numbers of hair follicles into a resting phase. Within a couple months, affected hairs fall out suddenly when you comb or wash your hair.
- With trichotillomania, you have an irresistible urge to pull hair from your scalp, eyebrows or other areas of your body. You might do this to deal with stress, tension, loneliness, boredom, or frustration.
- Stress also can cause alopecia areata. With this condition, your immune system attacks your hair follicles, which causes hair loss.^[4]
2

Treat your hair well.
Avoid tight hairstyles, such as braids, buns, or ponytails. Do not twist, rub, or pull your hair excessively. Be gentle when washing your hair with warm (not hot) water. Do not brush your hair too hard. A wide-toothed comb can help you avoid pulling out excess hairs. Minimize harsh treatments on your hair like hot rollers, curling irons, hot oil treatments, and permanents.
^[5]
3

Drink plenty of water.
You hair shaft is comprised of 25% water. Drink at least sixty-four ounces of water (eight cups of 8 oz.) per day. This will help you stay hydrated and assist hair growth.
^[6]
4
Incorporate herbs into your diet.
Sage is thought to increase hair density while rosemary may stimulate hair growth. You can cook with both herbs. Try to use them weekly and buy fresh rather than dried rosemary if possible.
^[7]
Eating a nutritionally balanced diet will also help prevent hair loss.
^[8]
- You also can mix rosemary with almond oil. Apply the concoction directly to your scalp in bald areas.^[9]

Method 2

Utilizing Natural Remedies

1
Apply topical, crude onion juice.
Applying onion juice to one’s scalp has been proven to treat patchy hair loss.
^[10]
The sulfur content in onions boosts collagen production and helps your hair to grow.
^[11]
Researchers believe onion flavonoids might have anti-inflammatory effects.
^[12]
Although you can purchase onion juice in the store, to make and use your own, follow these steps:
^[13]
- Chop an onion into fine pieces.
- Squeeze out the juice with your hand or use a juicer machine.
- Apply the juice to your scalp for about 15 minutes.
- Gently wash your hair.
- Repeat two to three times a week.
2
Make a garlic and coconut oil concoction.
Like onions, garlic has a rich sulfur content that can help regrow your hair. Coconut oil has plentiful essential fats, minerals, and proteins, which decrease hair loss and breakage. Garlic’s iron and potassium levels make your hair stronger.
^[14]
To make a garlic ointment, do the following:
^[15]
- Gather several garlic cloves and coconut oil.
- Crush the garlic cloves with a garlic press.
- Mix the garlic together with one teaspoon coconut oil.
- Boil this mixture for a few minutes. Stir gently.
- After the mixture cools, apply it to your scalp in a gentle, massaging motion. Repeat two to three times a week.
3

Take a capsaicin supplement.
A study in Growth Hormone & IGF Research showed that capsaicin, the compound in peppers that make them hot, stimulated a growth factor associated with hair growth. Test subjects took a 6 mg supplement daily for five months. Talk to your doctor about incorporating the supplement into your diet.
^[16]
4

Massage your scalp with jojoba oil.
Rub the oil into your scalp and hair. Especially focus on areas with existing hair loss. Jojoba oil is an anti-inflammatory,
^[17]
which may be why it can help with some kinds of hair loss. You can find jojoba oil in health and wellness stores and in some grocery stores.
^[18]

Method 3

Fighting Hair Loss with Professional Treatments

1
Visit a doctor.
If you are concerned about your hair loss, visit your doctor to discuss treatment options. There are a variety of alternatives, including medication, laser treatment, and surgery. Which option you pursue will depend on your budget, severity of hair loss, and available time.
- In some cases, hair loss is due to estrogen deficiency or thyroid issues. Identifying and treating these underlying issues may correct the problem, reducing or ending your hair loss.
2
Take medications.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have approved two drugs to combat hair loss. The first, Minoxidil (Rogaine), is a non-prescription liquid or foam available at drug stores. Both men and women can benefit from this drug. For women, this is the only approved hair loss medication. Twice a day, you rub the product into your scalp. The product works to grow new hair and/or to prevent additional hair loss. Finasteride (Propecia) is a prescription drug available only to men. One takes a daily pill. Many finasteride users experience slowed hair loss and some may have new hair growth. With both drugs, you must continue use for the effects to last.
^[19]
- Possible side effects of Minoxidil include scalp irritation, undesired hair growth on your face and hands, and a rapid heart rate.^[20]
- Some uncommon side effects of finasteride include reduced libido, decreased sexual function, and a higher risk of prostate cancer. Women who are potentially pregnant should not touch broken tablets.^[21]
3
Consider surgery.
For long-term hair loss, hair transplant or hair restoration surgery are options. If you pursue this treatment, your surgeon would remove small skin plugs, which each contain a couple hairs, from your scalp. She would then put the plugs into your bald spots.
- Your doctor might ask you to take hair loss medication prior to and following your surgery to improve your results.
- Surgery for baldness is costly and can cause significant pain. You could end up with infections or scarring.^[22]
4
Use laser therapy.
Both women and men can treat pattern baldness with low-level laser combs like HairMax Laser comb. The procedure is FDA-approved.
^[23]
To treat your hair at home, you move the laser comb slowly from the front of your scalp to the back and then from the sides to the center. A beep sounds every four seconds to let you know when to move. A recent scientific study proved that laser combs (applied three times per week) do improve hair growth.
^[24]
- Each treatment takes ten to fifteen minutes. You should treat your hair three times a week.

Method 4

Understanding Your Hair Loss

1

Identify how you are losing your hair.
You might have gradual thinning on the top of your head or circular or patchy bald spots. Does your hair come out in fistfuls? Are you losing hair on your head or all over your body? Do you have patches of scaling on your scalp?
^[25]
Noting your symptoms will help you diagnose what is causing your hair loss.
2
Discover the root cause of your hair loss.
Hair loss can happen at any time in one’s life due to many reasons. Changes in hormones, illness, burns, and trauma all might cause hair loss. A family history of androgenetic alopecia, or baldness caused by variations in the androgen dihydrotestosterone, also is a contributing factor.
^[26]
Hair loss is not caused, however, by poor circulation to the scalp, vitamin deficiencies, dandruff, or excessive hat or cap-wearing. Furthermore, it is untrue that a gene passed from a person’s maternal grandfather causes baldness.
^[27]
- Androgenetic alopecia (pattern baldness) affects both men and women. In men, hair begins to recede from the forehead in a line resembling the letter M. Women usually keep their hairline but their part widens.
- Patchy hair loss, which appears as smooth, coin-sized bald spots usually on the scalp can indicate that one has alopecia areata.^[28]
- If you are experiencing significant changes in your hormones, like if you are a woman going through menopause, you may experience hair loss. Talk to your doctor about treating your hair loss at the hormonal level.
- Physical or emotional shocks can cause hair to loosen. You might lose handfuls of hair when combing or washing your hair. Generally, your hair will feel and look thinner overall. Patches of baldness are unlikely.
- Hypothyroidism, or an underactive thyroid, may cause hair loss.^[29] Treating the hypothyroidism may halt your hair loss.
- If you have lost hair all over your body, this could be a result of some medical treatments like chemotherapy for cancer. Your hair usually will grow back with time.
- Ringworm is another cause of hair loss. Patches of scaling can spread over your scalp. Further symptoms are broken hair, redness, and oozing.^[30]
3

Be aware of risk factors associated with baldness.
If you have androgenetic alopecia rather than hair loss caused by illness or trauma, understand associated risk factors. Men with alopecia are more likely to suffer from coronary heart disease, prostate enlargement and cancer, diabetes, obesity, and high blood pressure. Women who suffer from androgenetic alopecia have an increased risk of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
^[31]

Community Q&A

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What can I do if I am suffering from hair loss and I am only a teenager?

wikiHow Contributor

It could be because of stress or poor diet. There is some disease that causes hair loss in times of extreme stress, so try to relax and reduce the amount of stress in your life. It might also be hereditary, in which case, there's not much you can do. Ask a doctor, nurse, or parent for advice.
What causes hair loss in young people?

wikiHow Contributor

Hair loss can be caused by stress, malnutrition, genetics and other issues. To find the exact cause, contact your doctor.

Ask a Question

If this question (or a similar one) is answered twice in this section, please click here to let us know.

Tips

You might consider getting a wig or wearing scarves to cover your hair loss. If your hair loss is due to a medical condition, your insurance might cover the wig cost. Your doctor must write you a prescription for a wig.^[32]

Warnings

If you have tried all the at-home methods and nothing seems to work, consult your doctor. Also, see a doctor if your child experiences unexplained hair loss. In some cases, hair loss can be a symptom of a more serious problem.

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How to Keep Your Child Tech Safe

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Two Parts:Before Setting Rules on Tech Access When Your Child Has Access Community Q&A

Children are more likely to master everything they see, or get interested in, at a very young age. It's best encourage children in the process of learning, but with some precautions. Using technology has become a necessity in our modern age. Many find it a need to teach children internet etiquette and manners and guide them, so that they respect their own privacy, and that of others, too.

Steps

Part 1

Before Setting Rules on Tech Access

1
Consider the age of your child.
Allowing your child to use technology and the internet unsupervised is a
huge
step up in independence for them, so it's important to consider your child's age, and therefore, how much independence they get. Consider your child's age and maturity to determine how safe they'd be online. A child that's overly trusting may need some restrictions on what they do online, and be limited to using non-online apps.
- If your child is age five, for example, it would be better to block all non-game or non-learning sites and restrict device time to one hour per day. When your child is sixteen, however, this is often seen as far too restrictive, especially seeing as the interests of a sixteen-year-old are very different from the interests of a five-year-old, and teenagers often need to go online for homework.
- Just because your child is very young doesn't mean that they are immature, and vice versa. Tailor your rules on technology based on the level of responsibility your child has shown in the past.
2
Consider how trustworthy your child is.
How much you can trust your child is a big influence on the device and internet access they should be allowed. Can you trust your child to listen to you if you say, "Don't go on this website", or do you think your child would access it anyway? If they're in the latter group, you may want to see if you can block certain websites to prevent the child from accessing them.
- Never base the trustworthiness of your child off of anything other than evidence. If you're just suspicious of your child using the internet for "bad things" when they've never given you any signs that they're badly behaved, whether online or in real life, being overly suspicious and putting too many restrictions on your child can severely strain the relationship between you and your child.
3
Make a list of things your child should not be allowed to do.
Technology should not be a giant list of "don't"'s, but you'll want to set some ground rules for your child so that they get a basic idea of what they should and shouldn't do online. Make sure the list of rules is age-appropriate ("no accessing websites without checking with a parent" may be good for a child in early elementary school, but sounds ridiculous in high school) and there are consequences for violating these rules.
- A sample list for a preteen may look something like:
  - No downloading software or apps or buying in-app purchases without permission
  - No installing programs on the computer without a parent's knowledge
  - No tampering with programs installed by a parent (e.g. antivirus software, parental controls)
  - No accessing sites that are not known and trusted
  - No texting or IM'ing people you've only just met online
  - No use of the internet to bully or harass others, whether they're known in person or not
- Try to base these rules on past behavior, as stated above.
4
Decide about your child's social media usage.
Some parents allow their children to sign up for social media sites when they're under the age of 13 (which is the age restriction for most social media sites, due to child privacy laws), while others forbid their child from using social media until a certain age, if at all. This choice is completely up to you, but it should be made responsibly. Additionally, anyone-whether over 13 or under-should never use social media in a way that endangers them or others, or bullies people; make a rule with your child or teen that if they are found behaving this way, their social media privilege will be revoked.
- As a general rule, a child under the age of 10 probably should not be on social media sites such as Facebook. Because your child is still fairly young, they may not properly understand that what you put on social media is out there forever, and they may make some bad choices.
- Those under 13 that are allowed on social media should have their accounts supervised to make sure that they're not abusing the accounts.
  - Only check your child's social media account once in a while or if you have a good reason to suspect your child is abusing their social media privileges. If you do this too often, your child may feel that their privacy is being violated, leading to a loss of trust and a bad parent-child relationship.
- Teens 13 and over should not be completely unsupervised, but don't watch their social media accounts unless you have a good reason to (e.g. there have been complaints from parents that your child is harassing other children). You may also want to set special rules on some social media sites; certain websites are known for having many, many bullies.
5
Sit down and talk with your child.
Before putting these rules in place and starting to enforce them, bring your child into the decision. Lay out the ground rules, and ask what your child thinks about it. Explain which rules are non-negotiable (for example, no tampering with parental controls or using social media for engaging in bad behavior), and which rules you'd be willing to compromise on, and let your child give their input. Be willing to listen and compromise, but also be sure to not let your child run the show. You are a parent, not someone who comes up with ideas that your child scraps.
- Be careful to make sure that you don't jump to change the rules; this can imply to your child that you are a pushover. However, some changes may be necessary; if your child is fourteen, for example, and you have a one-hour limit on computer time, your child may not finish their online homework with that little time.
- Always explain the reason behind each of your rules, including natural consequences that may follow infractions. This will help make things more clear for your child.

Part 2

When Your Child Has Access

1
Create an administrator account, and keep the password secret.
Administrator accounts on any device - computer, tablet, phone, or so forth - prevent your child from installing or uninstalling software on the device without your knowledge. It also prevents them from changing settings on the parental controls if parental controls have been installed. Make sure the password is something hard to guess (so don't use a pet's name, a birthday, or anything else that your child could easily figure out), and don't let your child know what it is.
- As with all passwords, don't write the password anywhere in the computer, even if it's in the administrator account. A child with good enough computer skills would know how to find this without signing in to the administrator account.
2
Limit screen time.
Spending too much time in front of screen is not good for a child's brain and eyes. For young children, one or two hours of screen time per day should be enough. Set a limit on how much time your child can spend on the computer, and enforce it.
- The only exception to your child's time limit should be if they're trying to do their homework and have run out of time. However, you may want to do this sparingly, as many children and teens put off their homework and then rush to get it done at the last minute. Consider limiting this to when they have a big assignment only.
  - You can also stop homework from counting towards screen time. Make sure your child is on task when working on homework online.
- Use of multiple devices at the same time should be avoided.
- You may want to set parental controls on the child's accounts that prevents them from logging on at nighttime hours, and perhaps limits their time on the devices in general. However, be careful about this - some parental control programs have been known to be faulty, even ones that come installed with the computer's operating system!
3
Secure the internet.
Many children stumble across things on the internet that they don't mean to; often, the best way to prevent this is to prevent those "things" from being accessed. Create a balance between safety and freedom. You should strive for an environment where your child is safe, productive, and fun.
- If your child repeatedly breaks rules regarding internet usage, try setting a password to prevent him or her from accessing the Internet on their own.
- For younger children, using "safe search" can also be useful. Be warned that safe search often blocks false positives, i.e. websites that don't actually contain inappropriate content.
- Depending on your child's behavior, you may want to use a program that requires sites to be whitelisted before they can be accessed. However, a few programs go over-the-top and block sites such as Google, so be careful as to what you install. In many cases, it may be better to use a program that allows you to blacklist sites, rather than whitelist them.
4
Respond accordingly to abuse of internet privileges.
Unfortunately, most children and teens end up misusing the internet at some point; if and when this happens with your child, you'll need to respond accordingly to prevent it from happening again. Depending on how serious the offense was, it may work to simply take down the offending content, or you may have to impose a temporary ban on a certain technology.
- Do not ever yell or curse at your child during this process. For example, rather than shouting, "Why on earth would you do that?! That's such a stupid thing to do!", say calmly, "I understand that you showing our address in that video online was an accident, but it's still against our rules of the internet," or, "Your behavior towards your classmates online is unacceptable, and we agreed that you would not use the internet to behave in this way".
- Everyone makes mistakes once in a while. If it's the first time a minor rule was broken or your child simply forgot about a minor rule, be willing to forgive your child for what they have done.
5

Provide positive guidance to your child. A parent should be a good mentor so that a child will come to you if anything happens. By setting a good example and responding appropriately to both positive and negative behavior, your child will have a fun and safe experience using technology.

Community Q&A

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If this question (or a similar one) is answered twice in this section, please click here to let us know.

Tips

Create a common mail ID for game logins and other purposes, so that you can track the content being downloaded.
If you have to take away your child's computer or tablet for inappropriate use of the internet, confiscate any devices they have that can connect to the internet as well (e.g. cell phone, iPod touch, gaming consoles). This way, they can't use another device to connect to the internet and do the exact same thing.

Warnings

Never be too heavy-handed on restrictions. This can make your child angry with you, and strain your relationship.

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How to Remove Epoxy

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Three Methods:Using Heat to Remove Epoxy Freezing the Epoxy Preparing Chemicals to Remove Epoxy Community Q&A

Epoxy is a permanent adhesive used on many types of surfaces, from plastic to metal. Once epoxy has hardened, removing it can be tricky. Epoxy starts in a liquid state. As it is mixed, the substance temperature heats up until it starts to cool off and harden. You can remove epoxy by getting it back to a liquid, or at least gel-like, state so that you can scrape it from the surface. Removing epoxy can be accomplished relatively easily, as long as you take the proper safety precautions and are patient.

Steps

Method 1

Using Heat to Remove Epoxy

1

Put on gloves and goggles.
When heating epoxy, vapors will be produced which are not friendly to your eyes. Do not settle for wearing glasses. You need a pair of goggles that covers your eyes completely, sitting flesh against your skin, with no holes or air entry points. Similarly, you should wear rubber cloves which come down at least 3 inches from your wrist. If at all possible, find ones with elastic which will keep air from seeping in.
^[1]
2

Wear clothes which cover your skin. Find a pair of tight pants, and a tight fitting long-sleeve shirt. If the shirt is button-up, make sure all the buttons are secure. This is meant to protect your skin from reacting to any vapors which will arise from heating the epoxy.
3
Soak the surface in acetone.
If the epoxy is attached to a wooden surface, soak the area in acetone for an hour or more before using heat to soften the epoxy. You can either place the object into acetone, or drip acetone onto the surface where the epoxy is set in. Acetone will only soak into a wooden surface.
^[2]
- When dealing with epoxy on plastic, marble, cement, vinyl or metal, any chemical will interact with the top of the surface, but they do not penetrate down into the layers like they do with wood.
4
Aim a heat gun at the epoxy for several minutes.
The objective is to raise the epoxy temperature to over 200 degrees, its softening point. Work the heat gun in small strokes, rather than letting it maintain at the same position for minutes at a time. If the epoxy is on a plastic or wooden surface, keep an eye on the surface so you don't warm it up too much and burn it.
^[3]
- Rather than using a heat gun, you can use a soldering iron. After the iron is heated, apply it directly to a specific area of the epoxy bond line. This will soften the epoxy.^[4]
- If the epoxy you are seeking to heat is located on an object, rather than the floor tiling, you can place it on a hot plate. This will accomplish the same thing as the heat gun, and is more widely available in almost every home.
5

Heat small areas at a time.
You do not want to heat the entire bond line of epoxy at once. You will never be able to keep the epoxy hot for long enough. Instead, work on segments that are about 2-3 inches in length. After you have one segment done, work on the segment right next to the first. It will be easier to scrape off with a now open edge.
^[5]
6
Scrape off the heated epoxy.
Use a putty knife, razor or any sharp object to scrape the epoxy off the surface. You may notice that the heat did not penetrate all the way down into all of the layers of epoxy. In this case, keep reheating the area and scrape until all the epoxy has been removed.
^[6]
- Do not heat right after you have already heated an area. Wait a few minutes for the epoxy to cool off before you go back and reheat. Otherwise you could cause the area to catch on fire.

Method 2

Freezing the Epoxy

1
Wear safety gloves and goggles.
You will need a pair of gloves that sits tight on the face, not letting any air in. You will also need a large pair of rubber gloves, ones that go down at least 3 inches from the wrist. This is for your own safety, so that you do not get refrigerant in your eyes, or on your skin. This is a dangerous chemical that could cause physical harm.
- You might also want to consider using a simple fabric face mask, so that you do not breathe in the vapors given off by the refrigerant.^[7]
2

Open your windows and doors. This allows air to move freely and carry vapors from the refrigerant outside. If you don't open them, the fumes can build up, and make it very dangerous to breathe the air. As the airflow is moving, you should place your kids and pets in a safe room with the door closed. This will prevent them from breathing in fumes.
3

Shake your can of refrigerant.
Refrigerant sprays can be found in multiple brands at more hardware stores. When you purchase a can, you will want to shake it before using, just like any other spray can. Then you want to hold it about 1 foot away from the epoxy you want to spray. Make sure you are holding the can upright, otherwise the liquid will leak out.
^[8]
4

Spray your refrigerant on the epoxy.
The spray will quickly drop the temperature of anything it touches. The epoxy will freeze and turn brittle. Do NOT put your hands near the area you are spraying. Make sure that your gloves and goggles are secure before you begin spraying. If you have children or pets, do not let them near the area.
^[9]
5
Chip away the brittle epoxy.
Use a putty knife or hit the epoxy with a rubber mallet or hammer. The epoxy should be cold enough that it turns to crystals and breaks off easily. You will then want to sweep the crystals up into a dustpan, and immediately dump them into the trashcan. You can use a vacuum cleaner to make sure that you get all of the remaining microscopic crystals.
^[10]
- Be careful not to damage your surface by putting too much pressure on the epoxy. If it doesn't break apart easily, try adding more spray cooler to chill the resin even more.

Method 3

Preparing Chemicals to Remove Epoxy

1

Wear goggles and safety gloves.
Using chemical agents can be very dangerous to bot your eyesight and skin. You will need to buy a pair of goggles that sits flat against the face, with no holes where air can get through. You will also have to purchase a thick pair of rubber gloves, that comes down at least 3 inches from the wrist.
^[11]
2

Open up windows and doors.
This is incredibly important because you need airflow. Air will carry the harmful vapors of the chemicals towards the outside of your house. If your windows and doors remained closed, you will likely breathe in chemical agents which are hazardous to your health.
^[12]
3
Choose a chemical which will soften epoxy.
It is also critical that the chemical agent does not damage the surface on which it is stuck to. Chemicals may damage certain surfaces such as cloth, plastic or vinyl. The strong chemicals may actually eat away at surfaces before they soften the epoxy glue.
^[13]
- Stay away from Class 3 and 4 oxidizers. These agents can cause spontaneous combustion, or can catch on fire down the road.
- Try a paint thinner. The acetone in most paint thinners can soften up hardened epoxy, but be prepared to let the epoxy and object to which it is stuck to soak for at least an hour.
- Use a commercial stripping agent. These are usually available at most hardware stores.^[14]
4
Apply the stripping agent.
You can either drip some of the agent directly onto the epoxy, or put some on a washcloth, and dab the epoxy. Either way, make sure that enough agent makes it's way onto the epoxy. After the agent has been applied, wait at least an hour before you come back to it.
^[15]
- Work in small steps, 2-3 inches at a time. If the area is too wide, the chemical agent will likely not work as effectively.
- Make sure that children and pets are not around when you are applying the chemical agent.
5

Mix a cleaning solution.
After the chemical stripping agent sits for an hour, you will need to neutralize it before you scrape it off. Mix together, in a medium sized bucket, 2-3 tablespoons of trisodium phosphate and a gallon of hot water. You can either pull the mixture onto the stripping agent, or dab it on with a sponge. Let it sit, and neutralize the agent for at least 5 minutes.
^[16]
6
Scrape the epoxy resin from the surface.
You can use a putty knife, a razor, or any other sharp object. You will want to immediately place the epoxy in a paper towel, and throw it away in a trash can. The goal is to not let the chemical agents get anywhere near you. If some epoxy is still stuck to the surface, soak the remaining epoxy in the chemical for a while longer before trying to scrape it off.
^[17]
- When you have scraped the epoxy off, wash the area down with a rag soaked in warm water and soap. You do not want the chemicals to linger around, especially with children and pets in the house.

Community Q&A

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How can I remove hardened epoxy from a glass window?

wikiHow Contributor

You could try using a razor blade, but make sure it's one with a strong metal backing (a hobby blade) or you could get badly cut.

Ask a Question

If this question (or a similar one) is answered twice in this section, please click here to let us know.

Tips

Apply the specific procedure two to three times. Sometimes the procedure will only work for the top layer of epoxy. Repeat trials until all of the layers are gone.
Ask a hardware professional for advice. Sometimes there are home remedies which work just as well at removing epoxy. Professionals will also be able to refer you to the best products out there on the market at removing epoxy.
Work the epoxy in small segments. Do not do the whole entire area at once. Do 2-3 inches at a time, and work from there.

Warnings

Allow for air to move freely throughout the house. You do not want to bottle up vapor from dangerous chemicals.
Make sure your gloves and goggles are secure. You do not want some of the fumes to make contact with skin, or your eyes.
Keep your pets and children in a safe place as you are applying chemicals to the epoxy.

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Thursday, September 29, 2016

How to Protect Yourself from Infectious Diseases

Infectious diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other organisms that enter the body through a wide range of methods. Because these diseases are often easily passed from person to person, it is relatively easy to see a large outbreak of an illness in a single community. To protect yourself from infectious disease, the "ounce of prevention" adage does hold true. With just a few steps and some healthy habits, you can keep many germs and illnesses at bay.

EditSteps

EditPreventing Infectious Diseases

Wash your hands. Proper hand hygiene is vital when it comes to preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria and fungi) are easily transferred from contaminated surfaces to your skin and from there to your eyes and mouth where they can gain access to inside your body. Thus, washing your hands is one of the first steps to take to reduce the transfer of infectious agents.^[1]
- Wash your hands every time after going to the bathroom, changing a diaper, sneezing or blowing your nose and when coming into contact with bodily fluids.^[2]
- Wash your hands before and after working with food.
- When washing your hands, use soap and warm water to wet your hands up to your wrists and scrub the skin for at least 20 seconds or more.^[3]
- If water and soap is not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer and rub it from your fingertips to your wrists in order to eliminate pathogens.^[4]
Avoid touching your face, eyes, and nose. People tend to touch their face several times throughout the day. This is when the infectious agents in your hands gain access to your body. Where an intact skin does not allow transfer of pathogens into the body, the eyes and mucous membranes in the nose and mouth do allow this.^[5]
- Besides maintaining a proper hand hygiene, try to avoid touching your face, even with clean hands.
- Avoid direct contact between the palm of your hand and face and use a tissue when you cough or sneeze.
- If a tissue is not available, cover your mouth or nose with your elbow. After using a tissue, discard it immediately into a proper waste receptacle and wash your hands
Keep all immunizations up to date. Vaccines are a preventive measure that help prevent or lessen illness caused by infectious pathogens. They work by stimulating an immune response against a specific pathogenic agent and, if you are ever exposed to the pathogen, your immune system can fight it more effectively.^[6]
- Get all adult and childhood immunizations on time and keep an accurate vaccination record at home for every family member to ensure everyone remains up to date.
- Because vaccines are designed to activate your immune system to recognize specific pathogens, some vaccines may cause minor symptoms, such as fever, fatigue and muscle aches, that last a day or two.^[7]
- Some vaccinations require booster shots (such as tetanus and polio) at certain intervals to maintain immunity.^[8]
Stay home. When you are sick with infectious disease, it is important to limit exposing other people to the pathogen and spreading the illness. Although some infectious diseases do not spread easily from person-to-person contact, others do and thus, you should stay home when you are symptomatic.^[9]
- If you are at public spaces, cover your mouth and nose with your elbow while coughing (and not with your hand) to avoid spreading pathogens airborne and transferring germs with your hands.
- Wash your hands and clean shared surfaces often if you are sick in order to minimize transmission of germs.
Prepare and store food safely. Some pathogens can be transferred into your body via food (so called foodborne illnesses or pathogens). Once food is consumed and the pathogen gains access to your body, it can multiply and cause illness. Thus, it is vital you prepare and store all food appropriately.^[10]
- Prepare your food responsibly by limiting cross contamination. Raw food should never be prepared on the same surface as ready-made food to prevent transferring pathogens.
- Clean your work surfaces regularly and keep them clean and dry. Pathogens can thrive on wet environments.
- Wash your hands before and after handling food. You should also wash your hands when you are changing ingredients (eg, from raw food to fresh food).
- Food should be stored at safe temperatures (refrigerated if needed) and thrown out if you doubt their quality. Changes in color and texture and strange odors are signs that your food has spoiled.
- Hot food should be eaten when it is prepared and, if it needs to be stored, kept either hot (as in buffets) or refrigerated as soon as possible to keep pathogens from multiplying.
Practice safe sex and do not share personal items. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are spread when bodily secretions come into contact with your genitals, mouth, and eyes. Practice safe sex to limit your risk of catching an STD.^[11]
- Always protect yourself by using a condom or dental dam during sexual activity, especially if you are not in a monogamous relationship.
- Do not engage in any sexual activity when you or your partner have a cold sore or genital wart breakout. This can lead to spreading incurable herpes.
- Get tested for STDs before and after engaging in sexual activities with a new partner so that you are aware of your status.
Travel wisely. Be aware of the risks of infection that increase when you travel. Some infections may be more common in places you are traveling versus where you live.^[12]
- Talk to your doctor about important vaccinations to get when you are traveling. This allows you to build up your immunity and be more prepared to the native pathogens present at the areas where you are travelling to.
- Wash your hands frequently when you are traveling to avoid transferring germs to your body via your hands.
- Protect yourself against infections that are carrier by vectors such as mosquitos by taking precautions, such as sleeping in mosquito netting, using bug spray, and wearing long-sleeved clothing.

EditUnderstanding and Treating Infectious Diseases

Understand different kinds of infectious diseases. You should be aware of the different agents that can spread infection. This can help you manage your risk factors.^[13]
- Bacteria are the most common infectious agents. They can be transmitted via bodily fluids and food. They are single cell living microorganisms that use your body as a home base to replicate.
- Viruses are pathogens that cannot live outside the host. When a virus enters your body, they hijack your body’s cells to multiply and spread to neighboring cells.
- Fungi are simple, plant-like living organisms that may take up residence in your body.
- Parasites are living organisms that hijack the host’s body and use their resources to thrive.^[14]
Treat bacterial infections with antibiotics. Antibiotics are medications that fight off bacterial infections. They work by disabling or killing bacterial cells and thus, fastening the elimination of bacteria by your immune system.^[15]
- Use topical antibiotic ointments for small wounds that are infected. Signs of infection include redness, swelling, warmth and pain. Do not use antibiotic ointment for heavily bleeding wounds that are deep. Seek medical attention if you have a wound that does not stop bleeding.
- For systemic bacterial infections, visit your healthcare provider and ask if you should be taking oral antibiotics.
- It is important to understand that antibiotics cannot cure or treat viral infections, such as the cold or flu. Your doctor can diagnose bacterial versus viral infection and treat it appropriately.
- Take antibiotics only as directed. Taking antibiotics when you don’t need them (such as when you have a viral infection) increases bacterial resistance to antibiotics.
Treat viral infections. Viral infections cannot be treated with antibiotics but there are some antiviral medications that can be used for certain viruses. Some viral infections are treated with at home remedies (such as rest and remaining hydrated).^[16]
- Some drugs, known as antiviral or antiretroviral drugs, can fight off certain viruses by taking away their ability to reproduce their DNA inside your cells.
- Some viral infections, such as the common cold, only need to have their symptoms treated to make you more comfortable. Your immune system can fight off the virus as long as you are not immunocompromised and get enough rest and nutrients.
- Many viral illnesses can be prevented with vaccinations. Thus, you should keep your immunizations up to date.
Know how to treat fungal infections. Some fungal infections can be treated with medications that help eliminate the fungi and clear the infection. However, there are numerous pathogenic fungi that cause infections and only your doctor can diagnose and prescribe proper treatments.^[17]
- Some fungal infections may be treated with a topical ointment if the infected site is on your skin (such as foot fungus).
- Very serious and threatening fungal infections are treated with oral medications or injections.
- Some examples of pathogenic fungi include histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis, and these infections can be deadly.
Know how to treat parasitic infections. As the name implies, parasites are organisms that "hijack" your body’s resources in order to live, grow and multiply inside you. Parasites refers to a wide array of pathogenic agents from worms to microscopic cells.^[18]
- Many parasites can be transferred into your body via contaminated food or water (such as hookworm), while others enter via broken/compromised skin (such as malaria via mosquito bite).
- You should never drink unfiltered or non-purified water from natural sources as the water may contain parasites.
- Some parasitic infections can be treated with oral or injected medications.
- Your doctor can diagnose a parasitic infection based on your symptoms and specific tests and then treat it appropriately.

EditTips

Maintain proper hygiene and lifestyle practices to prevent infectious diseases, including washing your hands, avoiding touching your face, and keeping your immunizations up to date.

EditWarnings

If you suspect you have an infectious disease, consult your doctor immediately. Several pathogenic agents can cause infectious diseases and only your doctor can diagnose and treat the condition appropriately.

EditRelated wikiHows

Protect Children from Infectious Diseases

EditSources and Citations

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How to Be a Successful Business Owner

Expert Reviewed

Three Parts:Finding the Right Mindset Running Your Business Efficiently Growing Your Business Community Q&A

Most business owners will tell you that starting a business is both one of the most challenging and most rewarding ways to earn a living. Being a successful business owner requires a large amount of hard work and dedication, but also generally relies on a set of personal qualities and business practices that are common characteristics of successful entrepreneurs. These characteristics lie as much in a business's founding principles as in its day-to-day operations, and dictate every decision the entrepreneur makes. By following these guidelines, you can up your chances of founding a successful business or getting your existing business back on track.

Steps

Part 1

Finding the Right Mindset

1
Do what you know.
That is, you should start a business that focuses on what you have experience in. That experience can be either prior work experience or a personal hobby that you're ready to turn into a career. Even if a business idea seems highly profitable in theory, don't start that business unless your heart is in it. While profit is important, it likely won't keep you coming in early every day and driving growth.
^[1]
- For example, imagine you have experience making coffee as a barista or waiter and want to turn your passion for good coffee into a small business. You would already know a good amount about the industry and be able to apply not only your knowledge but your passion to your work.
2
Start with a well-defined purpose.
While the financial benefits of business ownership can be great, most successful business owners don't start with money in mind. To get your business off the ground, you'll need a clear purpose. This purpose should be something more intangible than money, like giving back to your community by creating jobs, solving a problem that you see in your daily life, or pursuing a passion. This doesn't mean that you shouldn't also strive for profitability, just that your primary goal should be the achievement of a greater purpose.
^[2]
- For our coffee shop example, your purpose would be serving the perfect cup of coffee to every customer. Alternately, it could be to form a community in your coffee shop where people can meet and spend time with friends.
3
Find a first step instead of a destination.
You should always start with a business model that can be up and running quickly on a low budget. Too many small businesses start with grandiose goals that will require a large amount of startup capital and investors. However, successful businesses will have a model that can be used on a smaller scale. This proves to potential investors that your idea is a valid way of making money, and increasing your odds of ever getting investment money (if that's what you're looking for).
^[3]
- For example, imagine that in our example, you want to start a large operation that sources, imports, roasts, and packages its own coffee beans that are then either sold or served to customers at its coffee shops. Rather than seeking huge contributions from investors to buy all of this equipment, you should start with a small coffee shop first, then maybe try sourcing and importing beans, and work up from there to build a brand.
4
Create a support network.
One of the most important parts of successful business ownership is getting over your own ego and seeking help. Your biggest sources of advice are going to be your group of business associates and other professionals that share your goals. Surround yourself with knowledgable and successful people and feed off of their ideas and enthusiasm.
^[4]
- Also seek general small business tips online; the web is a goldmine of information. Just be sure your information is from a reliable source.
5
Find a mentor.
A good mentor in this case is someone who has already run or is running a successful business of their own. A good example would be a family member or family friend that has been successful in business. This mentor can help you with anything from knowing how to manage your employees to properly filing your taxes. Because their knowledge comes from direct experience, they're able to help you more personally than any other source could.
^[5]
- While your mentor doesn't have to have founded the same type of business you are starting, it would help. For example, another coffee shop founder would be the best source of information in our coffee shop example, but a restaurateur could also be of significant help.

Part 2

Running Your Business Efficiently

1
Focus only on your primary operations at first.
That is, avoid being caught up in every business opportunity that comes your way. It's better to be perfect at one thing than mediocre at five. This applies as much to making decisions to diversify your business as it does to deciding to take on additional projects for yourself outside of your primary business. Focusing on one thing will allow you to commit all of your resources there and be more productive in that endeavor.
^[6]
- Continuing with our example, imagine that you see another coffee shop making money by selling customized coffee-related merchandise. This may make you want to jump into this market as well. However, doing so before establishing your primary objective, making coffee, would introduce significant risk, and may detract from your ability to focus on coffee quality.
2
Keep detailed records.
In order to be successful, you'll have to make a habit of recording each and every expense and revenue that your company has, as well as every dollar that flows through it. By knowing where exactly your money is coming in and where it's going, you're more capable of recognizing financial difficulties before they arise. In addition, doing this will give you a better idea of where exactly you can make cuts to expenses or increases to revenues.
^[7]
- For example, in our example, you would keep detailed records of how much coffee you bought and sold in a given month and what you paid for it. This could you help you identify if, for example, the price of coffee beans was steadily increasing and help you plan whether or not to raise your own prices or consider switching suppliers.
3
Limit expenses as much as possible.
While this may seem obvious, just try to think of areas where you could generate the same effect by spending less money. Consider using pre-owned equipment, finding cheaper forms of advertising (for example, fliers rather than newspaper ads), or negotiating better payment terms with suppliers or customers to save a few dollars here and there.
^[8]
Try to maintain very low spending habits and only spent money when and where you absolutely have to.
- In our example, this could mean starting out with used coffee grinders (as long as they still functioned well) and trying to get as many supplies as possible from the same supplier (cups, lids, straws, etc.).
4
Consider supply chain efficiency.
Your costs, and therefore your profits, depend on a successful supply chain organization. By fostering good relationships with your suppliers, organizing deliveries, and consistently providing customers with timely service, you can increase your profitability and reputation. Successful supply chain management can also help you eliminate any part of your business with wasted resources, like raw materials or labor.
- For example, our example coffee shop would want to be on good terms with its coffee bean supplier and have an organized supply chain structure for a number of reasons. This is especially crucial for ensuring that you never run out of coffee, but could also mean that you could get more consistent deliveries, try new types of coffee bean when they become available, or negotiate lower prices.
5
Consider finding strategic partners.
Much like a good mentor, a strategic partner can provide you the boost you need to grow your business. Foster strategic partnerships by reaching out to businesses you think could benefit yours, whether they are suppliers, technology providers, or complementary businesses. A good relationship with another company can provide you both free advertising, lower your costs of doing business, or allow you to expand to new markets, depending on the partners you choose.
^[9]
- For example, your coffee shop could benefit from a strategic relationship with a supplier that gives you access to discounts or new products. Alternately, a strategic partner in a complementary business, such as a pastry shop, could help you both reach new customers and increase your revenues. This could be done either through recommending each other or by offering product's from your partner's business and vice-versa.
6
Be responsible when it comes to debt.
It's very important that you realistically assess your ability to pay back any debt that you take on. While starting and running a business is always risk, try to minimize your liabilities by only taking out as much as you absolutely need. And when you do take on debt, be sure to structure your cash flows such that you are paying it off as quickly as possible. Prioritize debt repayment before you do anything else.
^[10]
- For example, if you took out $20,000 to get your coffee shop started, don't think about expanding your product offerings or upgrading your coffee grinders until you've paid that loan back.

Part 3

Growing Your Business

1
Perfect your business pitch.
Have a 30-second speech ready that explains your business as briefly and efficiently as possible, including information about your purpose, your service/products, and your goals. Having a practiced pitch that you can rattle off to anyone can help you in situations where you're trying to make a sale to a customer as well as it can when you're trying to bring an investor on board.
^[11]
If you can't explain your business in this short time, your business plan needs refining.
- For your coffee shop, you'd want to explain what you do (sell coffee), your services (the drinks you offer), what makes you special (maybe the coffee you serve is rare or locally-roasted), and what you plan to do next (expand to another location, new products, etc.).
2
Earn a reputation for good service.
Earning a positive reputation is like free advertising; your customers will spread the word of your business to friends and come back frequently.
^[12]
Treat each and every sale like the success or failure of your business depends on it. This also means that you should be consistent with every action your business takes and every interaction with customers.
^[13]
- For your coffee shop, this may mean throwing out a burnt batch of coffee so that your customers are always served the absolutely best product you can offer.
3
Watch your competition closely.
You should always look to your competitors for ideas, especially when you're starting out. Chances are, they're doing something right. If you can figure out what that is, you can implement it in your own business and avoid the trial-and-error they probably went through to get there.
^[14]
- One of the best ways to do this when you're starting out is to examine your competitors' pricing strategies. In our coffee shop example, it would be much simpler to price your coffee similarly to competitors rather than to experiment with different prices on your own.
4
Always be looking for growth opportunities.
Once you've gotten established, you should always be on the lookout for places you can expand. Whether that means moving to a larger storefront, increasing manufacturing space, or opening a new location will depend on your business and goals. Successful business owners realize that one of the primary opponents to long-term growth is remaining stagnant. This means taking the risk of expansion rather than resting on your laurels at one, original location.
- For our coffee example, maybe there is a nearby area that you find is underserved by coffee shops. Once your primary location is up and running smoothly, you should investigate opening a new shop in that area. This could also mean moving up from a small stand to a full coffee shop, depending on your circumstances.
5
Diversify your income streams.
Another way to increase the value of your business is by seeking out other areas where you can make money. Assuming you've already established your primary business, look around and see where you could offer a different service or product. Maybe your customers frequently visit your store for one item and then immediately go to another store for a different item. Find out what that other item is and offer it.
^[15]
- Some easy diversification options for your coffee shop would be offering pastries, sandwiches, or books for purchase.

Community Q&A

Add New Question

How can I be successful in business generally?

wikiHow Contributor

Read a lot of books on business management and take all the information you can take. Then try to apply it practically. This article may be of use to you:
how to become a successful businessman
.

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If this question (or a similar one) is answered twice in this section, please click here to let us know.

Tips

Pay all insurances up for the year, (I.e., liability, etc) as soon as possible.
Be prepared with 6 months worth of working capital in your business.
This article serves primarily as a guide for the business owner in getting the most out of their business. For more detailed guides that cover the minute details of starting a business, see how to start a small business and how to run a small business.

Warnings

You can lose money if you are personally invested in your company.

Article Info

Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 141,630 times.

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How to Draw Perspective

Perspective drawing is a drawing technique used to illustrate dimension through a flat surface. There are many forms used under perspective drawing such as, one perspective, two-point perspective, three-point perspective, bird’s eye view, worm’s eye view and others. For this tutorial, a one perspective is used to draw a scene under a checkered pathway. One perspective is also a perspective drawing that has one vanishing point where the lines drawn are parallel to each other and are at “infinity.”

EditSteps

EditBasic Perspective Drawing

Start by creating a vanishing point by drawing an “X” at the center of the paper. Then from the center through the edge of your paper draw lines, but make sure also that the lines you have drawn can be used on your drawing.
Then for the next step draw a series of poles on the right side. When you almost reached the center or the vanishing point you can substitute the poles to a series of lines.
For the left side draw a series poles and add in some perpendicular benches. Remember to draw lines again when you almost reach the center or the vanishing point.
Then for the next step draw the roof of the pathway by illustrating its checkered pattern.
Next is to sketch houses on the left side and a beach scene on the right side of the drawing.
Finally end the drawing by sketching lines that will highlight or outline the path and roof.
Ink over your drawing and you’re done. To ink over your drawing use a black pen or marker with different kinds of points so that there will be some variation of texture on your drawing.

EditOne Point Perspective

One point perspective is usually used when the object's front is facing the viewer. In this type of drawing the horizontal and vertical lines will be horizontal and vertical respectively in the drawing, and lines getting farther from the viewer will have an angle towards what is called a "Vanishing Point." Click on any of the following images to get a closer look.

Determine the horizon in your drawing. Draw a horizontal line for the horizon with a hard pencil. The horizon lines determines how far the viewer can see based on the terrain and the distance of the viewer from the ground.
Choose the vanishing point. This is what will determine the effect of the perspective. As a reference, the most basic vanishing point would be located in the center of the paper horizontally and over the horizon line. If you set the vanishing point to the right, the drawing will look as if the point of view is moved to the left of the objects. The vanishing point for some objects can also be above or below the horizon lines depending on the inclination of the planes in respect to the ground.
Sketch the main objects.
- Take care to draw all the horizontal and vertical lines perfectly horizontal and vertical.
- The lines that start near the point of view and get farther should be drawn extending towards the selected vanishing point. This will give the perspective effect.
Give detail to your drawing respecting the proportions dictated by the reference lines you sketched before.

EditTwo Point Perspective

Two point perspective or perspective with two vanishing points is used when the objects' corners are facing the viewer. This method is perfect for drawing isometric objects.

Determine the horizon in your drawing. Sketch a horizontal line for the horizon as in the first method.
Determine the point of view, which is the approximate location of the eye of the person viewing the drawing. This point may be located below the bottom of the paper (outside the paper.) You don't need to actually mark the point.
Determine your first vanishing point. The usual method for this is to sketch a first line from the point of view in a 60 degree angle to the left and mark your vanishing point where this line intersects the horizon.
Determine your second vanishing point. For this you will draw a second line from the point of view in a 30 degree angle to the right. Again, the vanishing point will be the intersection of this line and the horizon. The 60 and 30 degree angles can be different, but the angle between the lines that go from the eye of the observer to the vanishing points have to form a 90 degree angle.
Sketch your main objects drawing the vertical lines perfectly vertical, the horizontal lines moving to the left at an angle towards the left vanishing point and the horizontal lines moving to the right at an angle towards the right vanishing point (all the horizontal lines should converge in one or the other of the vanishing points if extended far enough).
Give detail to your drawing respecting the trends given by the horizontal lines sketched for the main objects. These lines will determine the proportion of the sizes of the objects when they are located closer or farther from the point of view.
- Make light, temporary guidelines with a ruler (shown here in green) to make sure your details are in perspective. Erase these guidelines later.

EditThree Point Perspective

Notice that the three point perspective includes the two point perspective or perspective with two vanishing points plus it also has a third perspective point or third vanishing point in the vertical perspective aspect as from near the ground for instance looking up at a tower -- as the viewer is facing a vertical corner (edge) of the object.
Consider that the third point can be any fourth, fifth,... view for an angular, tilted or rotated part of a drawing, but it is usually based on parallel lines in each part and relates those parts that are actually parallel to each other.
Look at the staircase example to see that different "3rd point" depends on the angle of the item being viewed. So then there can be several "other" vanishing points off at "some odd angle vanishing upward into the sky (or downward)" in a picture, for example another identical staircase could be oriented (rotated) differently as for example shown in the same drawing of a lobby of a building, etc.

EditZero Point Perspective

Think about scenes such as landscapes that have no parallel lines. This kind of perspective is of irregular shapes like crooked trees, boulders, mountains, rubble, stones, gravel, and sand dunes, etc.
Draw this kind of perspective with object sizes generally getting smaller into the distance, and the drawing elements like tree limbs, becoming thinner and less detailed in the background, with textures, shading and colors showing less contrast as they are farther away so that colors fade (become lighter) and become tinted toward blue color tones in the distance.

EditTips

Always use a ruler so that the lines you draw are straight.
Always start your drawings with a hard pencil. 2H pencils are recommended for this part, but you may want to use harder pencils if you want to avoid your reference lines being seen in the final drawing. Complete the drawings with a slightly softer pencil, such as HB.
A good way to practice is to visit places where you can see a structure disappearing into the horizon (railroad tracks are perfect, but be extremely careful of a train approaching from behind). Sit down and draw the structure head on; then move over to the left (or right) and do it again. Practice drawing from various angles, always noting where the vanishing point is.
Perspective can also be applied to block letters for a more dramatic and imposing effect.
Use graphite paper when erasing or drawing. It's useful for its anti smudge purposes (rest your hand on the paper).

EditWarnings

Make sure you keep your hands very clean when drawing. Nothing is sadder than ruining a perfectly good drawing that took hours to get perfect just because your hands were not clean.
Remember to try to draw lightly first, or you will see lines in the finished drawing where you have tried to erase previous attempts.
Don't forget the fact that you can throw away a bad try at a picture. Accidents happen.
This is a three dimensional drawing without perspective. The coordinate system does not have a vanishing point. In this kind of drawing the parallel lines would not appear to converge (come closer together) when extended into the distance.

EditThings You'll Need

Pencils: H or harder, HB, 2B or softer
Sheets of paper
A model object to draw

EditRelated wikiHows

EditSources and Citations

http://ift.tt/1zqFbNL

Wednesday, September 28, 2016

How to Diagnose Lupus

Lupus is an autoimmune disease that affects approximately 1.5 million Americans. It primarily affects the organs, such as the brain, skin, kidneys, and joints. Its symptoms often masquerade as signs of other illnesses, so the condition can be difficult to diagnose.^[1] It is good to know the symptoms and diagnosis procedures for lupus so that you can be prepared. You should also know the causes so that you can avoid potential triggers.

EditSteps

EditRecognizing Lupus Symptoms

Check your face for a butterfly rash. An average of 30 percent of lupus patients develop a characteristic rash over the face often said to look like a butterfly or wolf bite. The rash spans across the cheeks and nose, often flaring out over the entirety of the cheeks and occasionally covering a portion of skin near the eyes.^[2]
- Also check for discoid rashes around your face, scalp, and neck. These rashes show up as red, raised patches, and they can be so severe that they leave scars even after they’re gone.
- Pay special attention to rashes triggered or worsened by sunlight. Sensitivity to ultraviolet light, whether natural or artificial, can trigger sores on sun-exposed parts of the body and may worsen a butterfly rash on your face. This rash is more severe and develops faster than a usual sunburn would.
Note any mouth or nasal sores. If you frequently get sores on the roof of your mouth, along the side of your mouth, on your gums, or inside your nose, this could be another warning sign. In particular, this is often the case if these sores are not actually "sore." In most cases, mouth and nasal sores associated with lupus are pain-free.^[3]
- If these sores get worse in sunlight, this is an even stronger sign of lupus. This is called photosensitivity.
Look for symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation of the joints, lungs, and the lining around the heart commonly occurs in patients who have lupus. On top of this, blood vessels are usually inflamed.^[4] Most notably, you might see inflammation and swelling around the feet, legs, hands, and eyes.^[5]
- If you have inflamed joints, they may feel warm and tender and look swollen and red.
- Inflammation of the heart and lungs can be detected at home based on chest pain. If you feel a sharp chest pain when you cough or take a deep breath, you can count this as a possible symptom. The same applies if you feel shortness of breath during these periods.
- Other signs that your heart or lungs could be inflamed include abnormal heart rhythms and the coughing up of blood.^[6]
- Inflammation can also take place in the digestive tract and can be spotted through symptoms like abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.
Pay attention to your urine. While urine abnormalities can be hard to detect at home, there are a few symptoms you might be able to detect. If a kidney is unable to filter your urine due to lupus, your feet might swell. Worse yet, if your kidneys have begun failing, you might feel nausea or weakness. ^[7]
Note any problems with your brain and nervous system. Lupus can affect the nervous system. Some symptoms, like anxiety, headaches, and vision problems, are common and difficult to assign to lupus; however, seizures and changes in personality are concrete symptoms taken very seriously. ^[8]
- Note that while headaches are very common with lupus, they can be very difficult to attribute to the disease. Headaches are common and have many possible causes.
Ask yourself if you are more fatigued than usual. Extreme fatigue is another common symptom of lupus. It can be caused by a number of different factors, but often these factors can be linked to lupus. When fatigue is accompanied by fever, you may be even more certain that it is lupus.^[9]
Watch for other strange things in your body. You may notice that your fingers or toes change color (white or blue) when exposed to cold. This is called Raynaud’s phenomenon, and is common with lupus. You may also notice dry eyes and shortness of breath. If all of these symptoms occur together, you may be dealing with lupus.^[10]

EditDiagnosing Lupus

Prepare for your appointment with the doctor. You can go to any general physician for a lupus diagnosis, but that doctor may refer you to a rheumatologist who may order more confirmatory tests and help manage symptoms with specific medication for lupus. Typically, though, the start of a professional medical diagnosis will be at a standard physician's office.^[11]
- Before your appointment, write down information about when your symptoms began and how frequent they are. Also make a note of any medications and supplements you take as possible triggers.^[12]
- If a parent or sibling has ever had lupus or another autoimmune disorder, you should bring that information with you as well. Patient and family history are very important for diagnosing lupus.
Prepare for an antinuclear antibody (ANA) test. ANA is an antibody that attacks proteins in the body, and these ANA are present in most people with an active form of lupus. This is often used as an initial screening test; however, not everyone with a positive ANA test has lupus. Further tests are needed to confirm the presence of lupus.^[13]
- For example, a positive ANA test can also indicate scleroderma, Sjogren’s syndrome, and other autoimmune diseases.
Get a complete blood count. This blood test measures the amount of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and hemoglobin in your blood. Certain abnormalities can be another possible sign of lupus. For example, this test can reveal anemia, which is a common symptom of lupus.^[14]
- Note that this test does not diagnose lupus by itself. Many other conditions can also cause similar abnormalities.
Expect blood tests for inflammation. Your doctor may do several tests that confirm an inflammatory condition, though they will not definitively prove you have lupus. One such test measures your erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). This test measures how fast it takes red blood cells to settle at the bottom of a test tube in one hour. A fast rate can indicate lupus. A fast rate can also be symptomatic of other inflammatory conditions, cancers, and infections, so it is not an absolute test, either.^[15]
- Another test that is non-specific for lupus but can test for inflammation is a C-reactive protein (CRP) test. This liver protein can indicate the presence of inflammation, but there are many other conditions that can cause this protein to show up.
Find out about other blood tests. Since no blood test is exclusive to lupus, doctors usually perform a range of blood tests to narrow down the diagnosis. Symptoms usually must match at least four out of the main eleven symptoms that doctors look for.^[16] Other possible tests your doctor might use include: ^[17]
- A blood test measuring your erythrocyte sedimentation rate. This test measures how fast it takes red blood cells to settle at the bottom of a test tube in one hour. A fast rate can indicate lupus. A fast rate can also be symptomatic of other inflammatory conditions, cancers, and infections, so it is not an absolute test, either.^[18]
- An antibodies to phospholipids (APL ) test. An APL test looks for antibodies that attack phospholipids, and they tend to be present in 30 percent of patients with lupus.
- An antibodies to Sm test. This antibody attacks the Sm protein in the cell nucleus, and it is present in about 30 to 40 percent of lupus patients. Moreover, it rarely shows up in people without lupus, so a positive result almost always guarantees a lupus diagnosis.
- An anti-dsDNA test. Anti-dsDNA is a protein that attacks double-stranded DNA. Roughly 50 percent of lupus patients have this protein in their blood. It is very rare in people without lupus, so a positive result almost always results in a lupus diagnosis.
- Anti-Ro (SS-A) and Anti-La (SS-B) tests. These antibodies attack the RNA proteins in your blood. It is more common in patients with Sjögren's syndrome, however.
Get a urine test. Urine tests monitor the kidneys, and damaged kidneys can be a sign of lupus. You might be required to provide a urine sample so that the doctor can do a urinalysis. This test looks at your urine for extra proteins or the presence of red blood cells.^[19]
Ask about imaging tests. Your doctor might order an imaging test if they think that you have a form of lupus that affects your lungs or heart. A traditional chest x-ray might be ordered to look at your lungs. An echocardiogram will look at your heart.^[20]
- A chest x-ray can reveal shadows in your lungs, which could indicate areas of fluid or inflammation.
- An echocardiogram uses sound waves to measure the beating of your heart and to detect possible problems in the heart.
Inquire about a biopsy. If your doctor suspects that lupus has damaged your kidneys, they may do a kidney biopsy. The goal of this biopsy is to obtain a sample of kidney tissue. They will assess the condition of your kidneys based on how much damage has occurred, and what kind of damage it is. Doctors can use this biopsy to determine the best treatment for lupus.^[21]

EditLearning About Lupus

Learn what lupus is. Lupus is an autoimmune disease, which means that it causes the immune system to attack healthy parts of your body. Again, it mostly affects the organs, such as the brain, skin, kidneys, and joints.^[22] The disease is also chronic, which means it lasts for the long-term. It causes the body to become inflamed as the immune system attacks healthy tissue. ^[23]
- There is no cure for lupus; however, treatments can ease the symptoms.
Understand the three primary types of lupus. When people refer to lupus, they usually refer to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This type of lupus affects your skin and your organs, especially your kidneys, lungs, and heart. There are other types of lupus, including cutaneous lupus erythematosus and drug-induced lupus.^[24]
- Cutaneous lupus erythematosus only affects the skin and does not threaten the other organs of your body. It rarely develops into SLE.
- Drug-induced lupus can affect the skin and your interior organs, but it is induced by the use of specific medications. It usually goes away once those medications are out of the patient's system. The symptoms associated with this form of lupus are typically rather mild.
Identify the causes. Although it has been difficult for doctors to understand lupus, over time they have identified its characteristics. Lupus appears to be triggered by a combination of your genes and your environment. In other words, if you have a genetic predisposition for lupus, environmental factors can trigger it.^[25]
- Common lupus triggers include medications, infections, or contact with sunlight.
- Lupus might be triggered by sulfa drugs, drugs that make you more sensitive to sunlight, penicillin, or antibiotics.^[26]
- Physical conditions that can trigger lupus include infections, the common cold, a virus, being exhausted, getting an injury, or emotional duress.
- It is the ultraviolet rays from sun that can trigger lupus. Ultraviolet rays from fluorescent light bulbs can do the same thing.

EditTips

Identify cases of lupus in your family history. If someone directly related to you has had lupus, you might be susceptible. While you can’t know what will trigger lupus for you, you may want to make an appointment with your doctor if you notice any symptoms of lupus.

EditWarnings

If you suspect that you might have lupus, schedule an appointment with your doctor. Do this as soon as possible, even if you do not have a large number of symptoms. The condition can turn into something very serious within a short amount of time, so it is better to err on the side of caution.

EditRelated wikiHows

EditSources and Citations

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